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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.13127/CMTE.2</identifier>
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    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">Azzaro, Raffaele</creatorName>
      <givenName>Raffaele</givenName>
      <familyName>Azzaro</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-8687</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/00qps9a02" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)</affiliation>
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    <creator>
      <creatorName nameType="Personal">D'Amico, Salvatore</creatorName>
      <givenName>Salvatore</givenName>
      <familyName>D'Amico</familyName>
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      <affiliation affiliationIdentifier="https://ror.org/00qps9a02" affiliationIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org">Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)</affiliation>
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  <titles>
    <title xml:lang="it">Catalogo Macrosismico dei Terremoti Etnei (CMTE) versione 2.0</title>
    <title titleType="TranslatedTitle" xml:lang="en">Macroseismic Catalogue of Mt. Etna Earthquakes</title>
    <title titleType="AlternativeTitle">CMTE</title>
  </titles>
  <publisher publisherIdentifier="https://ror.org/00qps9a02" publisherIdentifierScheme="ROR" schemeURI="https://ror.org/">Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)</publisher>
  <publicationYear>2026</publicationYear>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Collection">Historical earthquake catalogue and intensity database of the Mt. Etna region</resourceType>
  <subjects>
    <subject>Mt. Etna</subject>
    <subject>historical earthquake catalogue</subject>
    <subject>macroseismic data</subject>
  </subjects>
  <contributors>
    <contributor contributorType="DataManager">
      <contributorName nameType="Personal">D'Amico, Salvatore</contributorName>
      <givenName>Salvatore</givenName>
      <familyName>D'Amico</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0027-5381</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)</affiliation>
    </contributor>
    <contributor contributorType="Researcher">
      <contributorName nameType="Personal">Barbano, Maria Serafina</contributorName>
      <givenName>Maria Serafina</givenName>
      <familyName>Barbano</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2407-3207</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation>University of Catania (UniCT)</affiliation>
    </contributor>
    <contributor contributorType="ProjectLeader">
      <contributorName nameType="Personal">Azzaro, Raffaele</contributorName>
      <givenName>Raffaele</givenName>
      <familyName>Azzaro</familyName>
      <nameIdentifier nameIdentifierScheme="ORCID" schemeURI="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8294-8687</nameIdentifier>
      <affiliation>Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)</affiliation>
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  <dates>
    <date dateType="Coverage">1633-02-22/</date>
    <date dateType="Issued">2026</date>
  </dates>
  <language>it</language>
  <relatedIdentifiers>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="ISSN" relationType="HasPart" resourceTypeGeneral="Dataset">1590-2595</relatedIdentifier>
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    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsReferencedBy" resourceTypeGeneral="Dataset">10.13127/asmi</relatedIdentifier>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsNewVersionOf" resourceTypeGeneral="Collection">10.13127/cmte</relatedIdentifier>
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  <sizes>
    <size>1810 earthquakes</size>
    <size>200 damaging shocks</size>
    <size>8935 intensity data</size>
  </sizes>
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  <version>2.0</version>
  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess">Open Access</rights>
    <rights rightsURI="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" rightsIdentifier="cc-by-4.0" rightsIdentifierScheme="SPDX" schemeURI="https://spdx.org/licenses/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</rights>
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  <descriptions>
    <description xml:lang="en" descriptionType="Abstract">The Macroseismic Catalogue of Etna Earthquakes (CMTE/Catalogo Macrosismico dei Terremoti Etnei, Azzaro et al., 2000) was compiled by drawing on the exceptionally large database of historical sources which, starting from the 17th century, have continuously documented the succession of seismic and volcanic phenomena at Mt. Etna.
The analysis of this wealth of information - comprising more than 200 'primary' sources, including scientific studies, reports and bulletins - provides a comprehensive and consistent picture of Etna's seismicity over the last four centuries, in greater detail than that available at a national scale from the Italian Parametric Earthquake Catalogue (CPTI).
The frequent seismic activity at Etna is mainly related to earthquake sequences and swarms that characterise different phases of volcanic activity, as well as to the activity of the numerous active faults that cross this heavily urbanized area.
The CMTE (version 2), covering the period 1633-2026, includes 1875 earthquakes, comprising both mainshocks and aftershocks, of which 221 are above the damage threshold. The content of the catalogue is updated dynamically: previously included earthquakes may be revised and new events added as additional macroseismic studies become available. All modifications are recorded in the &quot;Updates&quot; section.
Intensity data are available for all earthquakes according to the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98; Grünthal, 1998). Overall, the macroseismic archive contains 9293 site observations.
Version 2.0 of the CMTE features several improvements. In addition to a redesigned graphic layout, new functions have been implemented, including enhanced data query and consultation tools, dynamic map visualization with pan and zoom capacities, export of seismic history graphs, and greater interactivity of the earthquake-effects data sheets, now displayed together with a dynamic map.
Regarding earthquake parameters, the magnitude of historical earthquakes is now estimated by a new intensity–magnitude relationship (D’Amico et al., 2025), better calibrated on a large instrumental dataset of local magnitude values. Furthermore, earthquake depth classes have been redefined using updated criteria and are now divided into four seismogenic levels (s, d1, d2, d3). This classification contributes to a better estimate of the macroseismic magnitude for historical earthquakes.
Each earthquake in the catalogue is reported with the following parameters: epicentral location and intensity, macroseismic magnitude, depth class and macroseismic data quality index. Whenever possible, the associated seismogenic structure is also indicated based on evidence of surface faulting (Azzaro, 1999; Azzaro, 2004).
From 1970 onwards, when available, instrumental estimates of earthquake depth and magnitude (local or moment) are also reported.</description>
    <description xml:lang="it" descriptionType="Abstract">Il Catalogo Macrosismico dei Terremoti Etnei (CMTE/Catalogo Macrosismico dei Terremoti Etnei, Azzaro et al., 2000) nasce dalla disponibilità di un'eccezionalmente ampia base di fonti storiche che, a partire dal XVII secolo, descrivono con continuità il susseguirsi dei fenomeni sismici e vulcanici all'Etna.
L'analisi di questo patrimonio informativo - oltre 200 fonti 'primarie' tra studi, relazioni e bollettini - permette di ottenere un quadro completo ed omogeneo della sismicità etnea negli ultimi 4 secoli, più dettagliato di quello ottenibile a scala nazionale dal Catalogo Parametrico dei Terremoti Italiani (CPTI).
La frequente sismicità etnea è infatti legata a sequenze e sciami sismici che caratterizzano le diverse fasi di attività vulcanica, ed alla attività delle numerose faglie che attraversano l'area, ampiamente urbanizzata.
Il CMTE (versione 2), per il periodo 1633-2026, riporta 1875 terremoti tra eventi principali e repliche, dei quali 221 al di sopra della soglia del danno. Il contenuto del catalogo viene aggiornato dinamicamente, ovvero possono essere rivisti terremoti già inseriti o aggiunti nuovi eventi in base alla disponibilità di studi macrosismici. Ogni modifica viene annotata nella sezione &quot;Aggiornamenti del Catalogo&quot;.
Per tutti i terremoti sono disponibili i dati di intensità espressi secondo la Scala Macrosismica Europea 1998 (EMS-98; Grünthal, 1998); complessivamente l'archivio macrosismico contiene 9293 osservazioni al sito.
La versione 2.0 del CMTE presenta diverse migliorie. Oltre ad un differente layout grafico, sono state implementate le funzioni di interrogazione/consultazione dei dati in catalogo, la visualizzazione dinamica delle mappe con funzione di pan e zoom, l’esportazione del grafico delle storia sismiche, una maggiore interattività delle schede relative agli effetti del terremoto, ora visualizzate insieme ad una mappa dinamica.
Per quanto riguarda i parametri dei terremoti, la stima della magnitudo calcolata dai dati macrosismici si avvale di una nuova relazione intensità-magnitudo (D’Amico et al., 2025), meglio calibrata rispetto ai valori strumentali della magnitudo locale. Inoltre, sono state ridefinite le classi di profondità dei terremoti attraverso differenti criteri, adesso suddivise in 4 livelli sismogenetici (s, d1, d2, d3). Questa caratterizzazione contribuisce ad una miglior stima della magnitudo macrosismica per i terremoti storici.
Ogni terremoto è riportato in catalogo con i seguenti parametri: localizzazione ed intensità epicentrale, magnitudo macrosismica, classe di profondità ed indice di qualità del dato macrosismico; inoltre, ove possibile, viene indicata la struttura sismogenetica associata sulla base delle evidenze di fagliazione superficiale (Azzaro, 1999; Azzaro 2004).
Dal 1970 in poi sono riportati, quando disponibili, anche i valori di profondità e magnitudo (locale o momento) determinati strumentalmente.</description>
    <description xml:lang="en" descriptionType="Methods">The first step concerned the systematic research and analysis of all historical sources that report earthquakes in the Etna area. A large amount of information has been regularly collected since the mid 1800s, also during quiescent stages of the volcano's activity, and a homogeneous macroseismic dataset is therefore available for the last centuries. Quantity and quality of seismological data depends on the different kinds of available sources, which are more abundant in the 1870-1930 time-span than in the other periods. In all, about 400 sources have been used.
Collected data were then analysed to assess intensity by using the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (Grünthal, 1998).
Finally, earthquake epicentres were calculated by using the code Boxer 4.0 (Gasperini et al., 2010), whereas the macroseismic magnitude obtained by the relationship by Azzaro et al. (2011).</description>
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      <geoLocationPlace>Mt. Etna region</geoLocationPlace>
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